SO MANY BRIDGES TO BUILD ! SO MANY WALLS TO BREAK DOWN !

GEORGIA AND HUMAN HISTORY

SO   MANY   BRIDGES   TO   BUILD   !   SO   MANY   WALLS   TO   BREAK   DOWN !

There are several universally important archeological sites that have been discovered in the Caucasus that are significant for the history of mankind. Archaeological researches and many exceptional findings have brought the region into the spotlight of the world’s scientific and public communities. Highlights include discoveries made in Georgia such as the remains of our human ancestors; the oldest known traces of winemaking; archaeological evidence of the mythical land of the Golden Fleece in Colchis and so on.

Using archaeological discoveries for nationalistic purposes, however, is a common practice and many countries claim to be “First” or “the Cradle”. An example is the argument about the “earliest Europeans”. Various countries have claimed this title after finding very early discoveries of hominids, our biological ancestors.

In the early 20th century a lower jaw found in Germany, was the earliest known human relic in Europe until the 70s, when a discovery from the Tautavel, French became the earliest “European”, estimated at 450,000 years of age. In the early 90s discoveries from Ceprano, Italy and Atapuerca, Spain were dated back 800,000 years, making them the new “First Europeans”. Although in recent years Georgia, too, has become known as the country of the “First Europeans”, it would be very naïve to consider creatures that are1.8 million years old as “Europeans”! (The Guardian: Skull of Homo erectus throws story of human evolution into disarray)

“The Dmanisi hominid discovery is indeed of immense importance for science, yet our approach has been to universalize the knowledge and understanding of human migration, rather than claim a distinction for being “first”.” – David Lordkipanidze

Another source of rivalry between nations continues to be the site of the “cradle of wine”. Again, Georgia is in line for the distinction, since the earliest traces of viniculture have been found here. Georgia has a long and uninterrupted history of winemaking, going back 8000 years. But we are to move away from contentions about who is “first winemaker”- towards
multidisciplinary research on the history of wine and other cultivated foods. It is well known that, beginning of agriculture and winemaking is a key period in human history.

CONTENT :
№ 1.LATITUDE 42 NORTH
№ 2.GENETIC DISCOVERIES
№ 3.HOW EUROPEANS EVOLVED WHITE SKIN?
№ 4.ORIGINAL WRITING SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD
№ 5. MAJOR DIFFUSION ROUTES OF VITICULTURE
№ 6.COLCHIS, ATLANTIS, EGYPT AND ANCIENT WORLD
№ 7. WARRIOR KINGS HISTORY

№ 1 – LATITUDE 42 NORTH

Thanks to its geopolitical position Georgia has always been the bridge and interflow between the West and the East. Yet, Georgia has arisen under both of these influences, maintaining its originality, distinct from both European and Asian.

Georgia is located exactly at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. (1) The intersection of latitude 42 N. and longitude 42 E.- falls in the country (v.Silauri), where besides the confluence points – religion, human races and climate zones are merged as well.

Virtually moving from West to East along the forty-second latitude, we can discover that: (2) the Mediterranean subtropical climate, after the Caucasus, turns into a rigid continental one. (3) The impact of Christianity ends at the borders of the Caucasus, leaving space to – Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. (4) Furthermore, right at the edge of this region, the European (Caucasoid) race is changed into Mongoloid one.

If we move from North to South we can observe the similar alterations on the boundary of the Caucasus: the northern climate drastically changes into hot climate of Iran, passing a thin subtropical layer of Georgia; the Christian religion makes room for Islam; Furthermore, people with light skin are rarely presented after the southern border of Georgia.

Two branches of mountains: the Greater Caucasus, the Lesser Caucasus and Black Sea – create an “impenetrable” natural trap-box with 2 000 meters of an average “walls” height. Just the “trap” was and is the main cause for these extraordinary intersections and for another astonishing things. It is precisely this natural “trap” that has also caused the isolation of Caucasian languages from the Indo-European linguistic ocean. We can declare with certainty that, if they were not the Caucasus Mountains and in consequence the isolation – nowadays humanity would-be similar to someone other.

It may seem incredible, but, just alongside the 42 longitude – beginning from Bask People in Spain and ending with Ainu people in Japan one can find: common ancient symbols, ethos of religions, millennia traditions (f.e.- Wine, Bull, polysonic Songs, Vendetta, swastika…). Ainu People, which now live in Hokkaido, just on the 42′ longitude!. Nowadays Ainu women are making lips tattooed with mustaches and men do “Inaw” or “Inau”- the analog of Georgian “Chichilaki” ! In Corsica and in Sardinia there are polyphonic songs with an incredible resemblance to the Georgian singing technique.( A Filetta – singing group from Corsica)

Also Etruria was located in the 42 parallel, wet by the sea from the west and covered by mountains from the east, everything just like in Colchis. There are many similar things between Etruria and Colchis: double sided Axes; extremely complex Gold processes, such as:forging, spinning, granulation or filigree; Design of gold, bronze objects and coins; Metal Chasing-Repousse Art; Symbolism (the Wolf, Bull, Swastika, even Borjgalo) as well Linguistics. Techniques for processing and storage Wine in terracotta “Dolia”=”Quevri”; Ancient Georgians famously brewed their wines in large jars known as “Qvevri”, very similar to the Neolithic vessels and “Dolia”. Today, these amphora’s are still in use, speckling Georgia with gigantic “eggs”.

Cabal in Cabul: A structural comparison of Etruscan with the Kartvelian languages.

Cabal in Cabul : Sucking the victim‘s mother‘s teats : the Etruscans and the Caucasian vendetta…

Discover Japan : Ainu and Spirituality: Forgotten indigenous people of Japan

Curiosity: The Ainu Are Japan’s Indigenous People

№ 2 – GENETIC DISCOVERIES


Georgia it is not only the place of the extraordinary intersections but a sort of honeycomb for Human Genealogy:

Scientific advances in recent years have allowed researchers to retrieve and analyse genomes from ancient burials. This deluge of data has transformed our understanding of the modern human genetic landscape.

Mail Online: Modern Europeans descend from FOUR groups of hunter-gatherers: New strand of DNA discovered in the Caucasus is the ‘missing piece in the ancestry puzzle’

“The region sits at a crossroads of the Eurasian landmass, with the most sensible migration routes both west and east in the vicinity. This Caucasus Genetic pocket is the fourth major strand of ancient European ancestry, one that we were unaware of until now. This is a major new piece in the human ancestry jigsaw, the influence of which is now present within almost all populations from the European continent and many beyond”. The research conducted by an international team led by scientists from” Cambridge University, Trinity College Dublin and University Dublin.

University: of Cambridge: ‘Fourth strand’ of European ancestry originated with hunter-gatherers isolated by Ice Age

The question of where the Yamnaya come from has been something of a mystery up to now,” said Dr Andrea Manica, from the University of Cambridge “We can now answer that as we’ve found that their genetic make-up is a mix of Eastern European hunter-gatherers and a population from this pocket of Caucasus hunter-gatherers who weathered much of the last Ice Age in apparent isolation.” Once the ice retreated, the Caucasus groups came into contact with a different group of hunter-gatherers living on the Steppe and mixed with them, laying the genetic foundations of the Yamnaya people.

“This is exactly the territory where, hunter-gatherers largely remained for millennia, Becoming Increasingly Isolated as the Ice Age some 25,000 years ago.This is the first time we have fossil genetic data from the Caucasus, and it reveals our deep history and where we come from,” says co-author Cristina Gamba from the Center for Geogenetics, the Natural History Museum, Copenhagen,
“Writing history: it has only just begun. These ancient genomes are in the process of adding new chapters to our story, and each newly mapped genome takes us further back and rewrites the story we thought we knew.” says Professor Daniel Bradley at Trinity College Dublin.

By: Rasmus Kragh Jakobsen http://sciencenordic.com/ice-age-hunters-reveal-new-line-european-ancestry

Nomadic culture was blooming after the Ice Age waned, and the Georgian genetic thread became deeply woven into European DNA. So much so, that almost all modern Europeans now carry some of their DNA.

These ancient Georgian DNA components, which first radiated from the Caucasus into the Levantine world and to the Yamanya (chiefly along the shore of the Sea). Then, the migrants moved farther afield, bringing with them the agriculture, viticulture, techniques of gold and bronze production.

“We can’t say much with any certainty, but it’s possible that they brought along the ability to work with metal–it may be a hint that metallurgy developed in the Caucasus Mountains, and this mixture between the groups from the plains and the mountains spread the technology,” says Bradley.

There are a lot of evidence confirming the above-mentioned affirmations, particularly in: archeology, architecture, anthropology, genealogy, linguistics, history of religion, agriculture, winemaking and metallurgy. As well as in mythology, both Greek and Italian – More the science of genetics advances, more the mythology turns into reality and the ancient human–technologies migrations routes, get confermed as well. To convince yourself of the statements – it’s quite sufficient to analyze only two Haplogroups J2 and G2 – The pattern, made more to three-quarters of the population of nowadays Georgia.

Georgian DNA – Haplomaps: G2a, J2, R1a, R1b, https://haplomaps.com/georgian-dna/ For many years, there has been a common belief among scientists that there were three different groups that made up modern-day Europeans – Middle Eastern agriculturalists, indigenous hunter-gatherers, and the Yamnaya tribes. Generally, the belief has been that they arrived in Europe around 5,000 years ago during the Bronze age. However, this is now set to change thanks to new reports.

By assessing the DNA within, we can now suggest that there was a fourth group in Georgia who lived in the Caucasus Mountains and they provided half of the necessary DNA for the Yamnaya people. Previously, this had been a sticking point but we can now see that the Yamnaya tribe were descended from these same hunter-gatherers who were thought to have been around between 5,000 and 8,000 years before.
Considering the older settlers were somewhat dominated by the Y-DNA lineage, we could suggest that they would have seen more success if they resided in the more productive lowlands of Caucasus. Although we don’t know exactly why the most productive areas saw success, we can predict that they were larger in terms of numbers. In addition to this, they had more dangerous weaponry and they could have even brought disease to which the locals were not as resistant.

With the invaders, such as Western Anatolia R1b, the competition for productive areas increased. Suddenly, J1 and J2 were stuck with mountains. If we were to look at G2, J2, and R1b patrilineages, the pattern they actually made more to three-quarters of the population of Georgia. If we were to look away from the Caucasus, there are other places and not only within Europe, it moves farther afield to countries such as India. With this in mind, the Indo-European language could have been brought over by these ancient people. Not only did they bring the language, they could have also brought something that was key for the Bronze Age – metal work!

Europedia – Haplogroup G 2a: https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_G2a_Y-DNA.shtml

Nowadays haplogroup G is found all the way from Western Europe and Northwest Africa to Central Asia and India at low frequencies. The only exceptions are the Caucasus region, central and southern Italy and Sardinia, where frequencies typically range from 15% to 30% of male lineages.

G2a makes up 5 to 10% of the population of Mediterranean Europe. The only regions where haplogroup G2 exceeds 10% of the population in Europe are in Cantabria in northern Spain, in northern Portugal, in central and southern Italy (especially in the Apennines), in Sardinia, in northern Greece, in Crete. Other regions with frequencies approaching the 10% include Asturias in northern Spain, Auvergne in central France, Switzerland, Sicily, the Aegean Islands, and Cyprus.

Members of haplogroup G2 appear to have been closely linked to the development of early agriculture in the Fertile Crescent part, starting 11,500 years before present. The G2a branch expanded to Anatolia, the Caucasus and Europe. The highest genetic diversity within haplogroup G is found in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, between the Levant and the Caucasus, which is a good indicator of its region of origin. It is thought that early Neolithic farmers expanded from northern Mesopotamia westwards to Anatolia and Europe, eastwards to South Asia, and southwards to the Arabian peninsula.

By 7,800 years ago, farmers making cardial pottery arrived at the Marmara coast in northwest Anatolia with ovicaprids and pigs. These people crossed the Aegean by boat and colonized the Italian peninsula, the Illyrian coast, southern France and Iberia, where they established the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE). Around the same time as the Indo-European ethnogenesis was taking shape in the Pontic Steppe during the Maykop and Yamna cultures, another Early Bronze Age society was develop. Although the Kura-Araxes people were less militaristic and more sedentary, they also underwent a major expansion, first west to Anatolia, south to the Fertile Crescent and east toward the Iranian plateau, possibly all the way to Pakistan, where they would have influenced the Indus Valley Civilisation.

It is likely that the descendants of the Kura-Araxes culture eventually colonised Greek islands, including Crete, where they would have founded the Minoan Civilisation (2600-1100 BCE), Europe’s oldest civilisation. During the Classical Antiquity ancient Greek islanders, who were descended in great part from the Minoans, colonised southern Italy, bringing their Kura-Araxes lineages with them.

Europedia – Haplogroup J2: https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml


Quite a few ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilisations flourished in territories where J2 lineages were preponderant. This is the case of the Hattians, the Hurrians, the Etruscans, the Minoans, the Greeks, the Phoenicians, the Carthaginian, the Israelites, and to a lower extent also the Romans. All the great seafaring civilisations from the middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age were dominated by J2 men.

There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship. The oldest evidence of a cult of the bull can be traced back to Neolithic central Anatolia, notably at the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alaca Höyük. Bull depictions are omnipresent in Minoan frescos and ceramics in Crete. Bull-masked terracotta figurines and bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus. The Hattians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Canaaites, and Carthaginians all had bull deities. Minoan Crete, Hittite Anatolia, the Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley also shared a tradition of bull leaping, the ritual of dodging the charge of a bull. It survives today in the traditional bullfighting of Andalusia in Spain and Provence in France, two regions with a high percentage of J2 lineages. The Colchis Bulls were immense, blazing and terrible, with bronze hooves, and bronze mouths through which they breathe fire. The Bulls-Khalkotauroi were a gift to King Aeetes from the Greek gods-Hephaestus. It’s curious that Hephaestus is the god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire, and volcanoes.

The world’s highest frequency of J2 is found among the Ingush (88% ), Svan (80%), Chechen (56%), W.Georgian (52%) people in the Caucasus. Outside the Caucasus, the highest frequencies of J2 are observed in Cyprus (37%), Crete (34%), Turkey (24%, with peaks of 30% in the Marmara and in central Anatolia), Greece (23%), Central Italy (23%), Sicily (23%), South Italy (21.5%), as well as among Jewish people (19 to 25%).


Middle-Eastern and European J2a: from Kura-Araxes to the Greeks and Romans

It is very likely that J2a, J1 and G2a-L293 were the dominant lineages the Early Bronze Age Kura-Araxes culture (3,400-2,000 BCE), which expanded from the South Caucasus to eastern Anatolia, northern Mesopotamia and the western Iran. From then on, J2 men would have definitely have represented a sizeable portion of the population of Bronze and Iron Age civilizations such as the Hurrians, the Assyrians or the Hittites. It is very possible that bronze technology spread from the South Caucasus across the Iranian plateau until the Indus Valley, giving rise to the Harappan Civilisation.

The Minoan civilisation emerged from 2,700 BCE and could have been founded by colonists from the Kura-Araxes culture who would have brought bronze working with them. Modern Cretans have the highest percentage of G2a, J1, J2a in Greece and the highest percentage of J1 and J2a in all Europe for that matter, the three haplogroups associated with the Kura-Araxes culture.

The parts of Italy that were colonised by Ionic and Doric Greeks, notably Sicily, Calabria and Basilicata, possess substantial percentages of typically Caucasian haplogroups, such as G2a-L297, J1-Z and J2a-L581. In fact, it seems that many branches of J2a may have expanded from the South Caucasus from the Chalcolithic onwards. The presence of these haplogroups and admixtures in southern Italy almost certainly represent Kura-Araxes ancestry inherited from Minoan Greeks from the Aegean islands.

For more than a century archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, and more recently, geneticists, have argued about who the ancestors of Europeans living today were.” Europe’s First Farmers Were Immigrants: Replaced Their Stone Age Hunter-gatherer Forerunners.” – https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090903163902.htm

University of Cambridge – https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/prehistoric-migrants-spread-farming-in-europe

“Analysis of ancient DNA suggests that Europe’s first farmers were not the descendants of the people who settled the area after the retreat of the ice sheets. Instead, the early farmers probably migrated into major areas of central and eastern Europe about 7,500 years ago, bringing domesticated plants and animals with them.” says Barbara Bramanti from Mainz University “After the end of the Ice Age the hunter-gatherer lifestyle survived for a couple of thousand years but was then gradually replaced by agriculture. DNA analysis reveals little evidence of a direct genetic link between the hunter-gatherers and the early farmers.”

Now, a team from Mainz University, together with researchers from Cambridge University, have found that the first farmers in central and northern Europe could not have been the descendents of the hunter-gatherers that came before them. But what is even more surprising, they also found that modern Europeans couldn’t solely be the descendents of either the hunter-gatherer alone, or the first farmers alone, and are unlikely to be a mixture of just those two groups.

“This is really odd”, said Professor Mark Thomas. ” For the first time we are now able to directly compare the genes of these Stone Age Europeans, and what we find is that some DNA types just aren’t there – despite being common in Europeans today.”

Continuing with mythology . . . Sorceress Medea daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, a niece of Circe. ( Kírkē ) was a goddess of magic in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of the Titan sun god Helios. Her brother was Aeëtes – king of Colchis, keeper of the Golden Fleece. Her sister was Pasiphaë, the wife of King Minos and mother of the Minotaur.

It is stated that Circe bore Ulysses (Odysseus) three sons: Ardeas; Latinus and Telegonus, who ruled over the Tyrsenoi, that is the Etruscans. Telegonus married Penelope and was born, Italus (Italos) a legendary king of the Enotria (land of wine) who called the country Italy from his own name. In Italy Telegonus was believed to have been the founder of the towns of Tusculum and Praeneste. From Circe and Telemachus Latinus was born, who gave his name to the Latin language;

Aristotle narrates: ” Italo became king of the Enotria, from which they would be called, changing name, Itali instead of Enotri. They also say that this Italo transformed the Enotri, from nomads who were, into farmers, (inserting suth agriculture) and who also gave them laws of Sissizi.» (Aristotle, Politics, VII, 9, 2)

fitzwilliam museum: https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/goldenfleece/myth.html

Science Alert: Evidence Suggests Jason And The Golden Fleece Was Based on True Events

“Published:16.11.2015 – “Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians”

“Several analyses show that Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) are distinct from another ancestral population, making them a divergent fourth strand of European ancestry that expands the model of the human colonization of that continent.

The foundation group for this seismic change was the Yamnaya, who we estimate to owe half of their ancestry to CHG-linked sources. These sources may be linked to the Maikop culture, which predated the Yamnaya and was located further south, closer to the Southern Caucasus. Through the Yamanya, the CHG ancestral strand contributed to most modern European populations, especially in the northern part of the continent.

Finally, we found that CHG ancestry was also carried east to become a major contributor to the Ancestral North Indian component. Exactly when the eastwards movement occurred is unknown, but it likely included migration around the same time as their contribution to the western European gene pool and may be linked with the spread of Indo-European languages. However, earlier movements associated with other developments such as that of cereal farming and herding are also plausible.

The discovery of CHG as a fourth ancestral component of the European gene pool underscores the importance of a dense geographical sampling of human palaeogenomes. CHG separation from other European ancestral strands ended dramatically with the extensive population, linguistic and technological upheavals of the Early Bronze Age resulting in a wide impact of this ancestral strand on contemporary populations, stretching from the Atlantic to Central and South Asia.”

№ 3 – HOW EUROPEANS EVOLVED WHITE SKIN ?

Most of us think of Europe as the ancestral home of white people. But a new study shows that pale skin arrived in most of the continent relatively recently. Europeans have not always been light skinned, and Caucasians are in fact a fairly new development on the continent, relatively speaking. The latest genetic research has revealed that ancient European populations were dark skinned for far longer than had originally been thought. According to a new study reported in Science Magazine, it has been found that Caucasoids are the product of “a patchwork of evolution in different places” across Europe, while scientist have discovered three genes that produce light skin – both of which have played a part in the lightening of Europeans’ skin color only over the past 8,000 years.

The first Europeans lacked two genes – SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 – which lead to the depigmentation and lightening of the skin. New research suggests Caucasoids were a recent addition to the area, arriving on the continent, passing through Levant, Anatolia and Yamnaya culture – from Caucasus. Where this newly identified group were isolated from all other ones during an astronomical period of 25,000 years. Scientists found that when these farmers arrived in Europe, they carried with them genes for light skin and another gene known to produce blue eyes in Europeans. It was not until 7,800 years ago, when these first farmers migrated. DNA analysis obtained from ancient human remains has shown that as they interbred with the indigenous hunter-gatherers, one of their light-skin genes swept through Europe, so that central and southern Europeans also began to have lighter skin.

Independent: How Europeans evolved to have white skin, starting from around 8,000 years ago
University of California Television – Why White People are Called Caucasoids (Illustrated)

Mailonline:
Europeans were dark-skinned until 8,000 years ago: Pale complexions were brought to Europe from the Near East, study claims

There are other Interesting Things.

– The bones are the earliest humans ever found outside Africa. Ancient skeletons discovered in Georgia threaten to overturn the theory of human evolution

Mailonline: Ancient skeletons discovered in Georgia threaten to overturn the theory of human evolution
– Neanderthal populations of the southern and northern Caucasus became locally extinct during the Late Pleistocene.The timing of their extinction is key to our understanding of the relationship between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMH). These results imply that Neanderthals did not survive in the southern Caucasus after 37 ka BP (thousands of years ago, before present).

Science Direct:
New chronology for the Middle Palaeolithic of the southern Caucasus suggests early demise of Neanderthals in this region The results indicate that AMH arrived in the Caucasus a few millennia after the Neanderthal demise or probably there was an another cause for which the two species did not interact.

№ 4 – THE DIFFUSION AUTHORITATIVE CATALOG OF THE WORLD’S – languages, “Ethnologue”, whose classified list includes 6,909 distinct languages. 6 909 languages and only 14 original writing systems are there in the world. Original Writing Systems of the WorldAbjad: 1.Arabic 2.Hebrew
Logographic and Syllabic: 1.Hanzi 2.Kana/Kanji 3.Hanja
Alphabetical: 1.Latin 2.Greek 3.Armenian 4.Georgian
Abugida: 1.North Indic 2.South Indic 3.Ethiopic 4.Thaana 5.Canadian syllabic

Wikipedia: List of writing systems All, other writings are not original and derived from these 14 originals. For example the Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, has been used to write the Korean language since its creation in the 15th century by Sejong the Great. Cyrillic alphabet derives from the Greek and Latin scripts. The script is named in honor of the two Byzantine brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who developed it during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire.

Intangible Heritige: Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet

Ancient Origins: 7th century BC inscription in Georgia may rewrite history of written language

WordPress :Unique Writings Found in Georgia May Change World History

https://historyonly.wordpress.com/2015/08/23/unique-writings-found-in-georgia-may-change-world-history/

Georgian Journal : The Phaistos Disc decoded – Inscription on the clay plate is in ancient language . . .

https://www.georgianjournal.ge/discover-georgia/33748-mystery-of-phaistos-disc-resolved-inscription-on-the-clay-plate-is-in-ancient-georgian-language.html

‘Stones that Speak’- Robert D. Morritt : https://www.georgianjournal.ge/arts-a-culture/4994-stones-that-speak.html

1.’Georgia’- is the Western exonym for the nation, natively known as 2.’Sakartvelo’ (Georgian: საქართველო, [sakʰartʰvɛlɔ]) All the Slavic languages refer to Georgia as something like 3.’Gruzia’. Armenian calls Georgia 4.Vrastan (Վրաստան).The lagnuages of the Northwest Caucasian family also base their names for Georgia on the ethnic designation Kart. Notably, Abkhaz (the language of Abkhazia) uses 5.Kirtwila (Қырҭтәыла). 6.Xorxa – Asturian. The Kabardian language – word for Georgia is 7. Khirtsei (Хъырцей). Finally, most “Middle Eastern” languages (Arabic, Persian,Turkic languages) call Georgia – 8.Gürcistan,

The Persian designation of the Georgians, 9.Gurğān, evolving from Middle Persian Wurğān and Old Persian Varkân meaning “land of the Wolves”. You could also add historical names of the country, as well as Colchis, Egrisi and Iberia.https://www.academia.edu/21739122/_READY-MADE_AND_GEORGIAN_CREATIVE_INNOVATIONS

http://www.ketevankemoklidze.com/uploads/press/pdf/Georgias_European_way.pdf

*** Kartvelian-Sumerian-Egyptian Linguoculturology

*** Kartvelian Substrate of English Grammar

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Kartvelian_Substrate_of_English_Grammar.pdf

*** Towards English-Georgian Contrastive Typology

https://www.academia.edu/37213877/Towards_English-Georgian_Contrastive_Typology.pdf

*** Georgian mythology       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_mythology

*** Christianity and Mithraism – Georgian  story

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Tedo_Dundua._Christianity_and_Mithraism..pdf

№ 5 – MAJOR DIFFUSION ROUTES OF VITICULTURE ( DE BLIJ , 1983)

The contemporary scientific community has become increasingly convinced that Georgia is the “cradle of wine”. On one hand this has been confirmed by ancient archaeological finds and, on the other, to archeobotanical and geneological data.

The global scientific community recognizes that the oldest indications of winemaking were discovered clearly on what is now the territory of Georgia, from where the practices spread throughout the world, making a significant impact on social and economic life. “These migrants seemed to be using wine technology as their contribution to society,” says Stephen Batiuk, an archaeologist at the University of Toronto. “brought wine culture with them. They spread out and then lived side-by-side with host cultures. They established symbiotic relationships. They were showing up with seeds or grape cuttings and bringing a new job—viticulture. They sort of democratized wine. Wherever they go, you see an explosion of wine goblets.”

Researchgate: Major diffusion routes of viticulture ( D E B LIJ , 1983)According to the map of Dr.Harm de Blij (Blij was a Professor of Geography at Michigan and Georgetown State University’s).

Ancient routes – to Egypt, to Create, to Greece, to Etruria, to Asia.
Greek dispersal – to Sicily, to Calabria
Roman diffusion – to Eupopa
Latest expansion – to Africa and the World

The new york times: Wine From Prehistoric Georgia With an 8,000-Year-Old Vintage
Intangible Heritage: Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method
Sci news : Ancient Georgian Pottery Reveals World’s Oldest Wine

https://www.penn.museum/information/press-room/press-releases-research/1131-move-over-hajji-firuz-tepe-in-iran

Penn museum – Georgia yields earliest known evidence of grape wine and viticulture in the world

http://www.pnas.org/content/114/48/E10309

National Academy of Science of the US – Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus

№ 6 – COLCHIS, ATLANTIS, EGYPT AND ANCIENT WORLD

Colchis is familiar to every schoolchild as the land to which the Greek hero Jason led the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece. Recent archaeological excavations have thrown much new light on the rich culture of this region, including their lavish gold-adorned burials and ritual practices in which the local wine played a central role. These finds offer a unique insight into a fascinating and little-known ancient culture on the periphery of the classical world.

fitzwilliam museum: https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/goldenfleece/explore/index.html

The Age saw the development of an expertise in the smelting and casting of metals that began long before this skill was mastered in Europe. (In Greek mythology, Prometheus was chained to the Caucasus mountains by Zeus for having defied the gods and given fire and knowledge to humans). Sophisticated farming implements were made and fertile, well-watered lowlands blessed with a mild climate promoted the growth of progressive agricultural techniques.
“Georgia had a particularly rich history of metallurgy that extended many centuries back as far as the Early Bronze Age. Thus I am proposing that the artists who produced the spectacular Scythian gold pieces were not Scythian – not Greeks, as the Hermitage scholars have suggested – but Georgians. Or at the very least, that it was Georgian craftsmen who tutored the Scythians to create such objects.” – Ori Z.Soltes, Georgetown University –“Defining “Georgianness” in Antiquity: Artifacts and Concepts.” “Such an assertion would not be dissimilar to ascribing the so-called Roman “Portrait Head of Brutus” to an Etruscan craftsman – or to a Roman craftsman under Etruscan tutelage.There are myriad examples from within the third and second millennia; to the genius of how to craft and decorate tools and weapons and jewelry of copper, bronze and silver. Cast, filigreed and granulated gold, with elaborate implants of semiprecious stones – all of this is evidenced in work from diverse Georgian archaeological sites that predate the arrival of the Scythians into the region, (or the Hittites, Assyrians, Persians or Greeks for that matter) by nearly two millennia.”

https://www.gaccgeorgia.org/Symposium/2008/Proceedings2008.pdf (p.51)

or – https://mtiebistar.blogspot.com/2017/?view=sidebar

Colchis was inhabited by a number of related, but still pretty different tribes: The Machelones, Heniochi, Zydretae, Lazi, Tibareni, Mossynoeci, Macrones, Moschi, Marres, Apsilae, Abasci, Sanigae, Coraxi, Coli, Melanchlaeni, Geloni and Soani (Suani). These tribes differed so completely in language and appearance from the surrounding nations that the ancients originated various theories to account for the phenomenon.

Biblioteca Pleyades: The Hounds of Hell(Sirius Mystery)

Atlantis Today: The Incredible Journey of SolonRInternational : The Kingdom of Colchis

Libero: The Apotheosis of Rhadamanthys on the Phaistos Disk (1360-50 B.C.) throws light on the war of the Seven against Thebes and the subsequent fall of Minoan and rise of Mycenaean empire (Italiano).

‘Stones that Speak’- Robert D. Morritt : https://www.georgianjournal.ge/arts-a-culture/4994-stones-that-speak.html

Is a recent addition to the world book market, which is one of those that make a historical tour of language and cultural influences. According to the author, archaeological excavations, archaic languages and Myths are explored, together with what appears to be archaic Cretan relations as far away as the Black Sea region.

The enigma of the Phaistos Disc, which is revisited, in Morritt’s outstanding edition in the light of new findings. The author underlines that G. Kvashilava has deciphered the Phaistos disc into Colchian (Proto-Kartvelian) language. The text is proved to be a hymn and prayer to Anatolian Mother Goddess Nenana and is printed in Colchian gold script.

The Minoans are considered the first advanced European civilization (dated 2700-1100 BC Crete), left behind building complexes, splendid artworks and hieroglyphs. In Greek mythology, a queen of Crete was Pasiphaë. Shi was the daughter of Helios, the Sun, Like her doublet Europa, her origins were in the East, in her case at Colchis; she was the sister of Kirke(Circe), Aeëtes and Perses, and she was given in marriage to King Minos of Crete.

№ 7 – WARRIOR KINGS HISTORY Mamluks مماليك mamālīk

Oxford Business Group: Warrior kings: A look at the history of the Mamluks

Tsu Science: GEORGIAN MAMLUKS IN EGYPT AND GEORGIAN MONASTERIAL COMMUNE IN PALESTINE

My Message: Georgian Mamluks

Wikipedia: Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk)

Jstor: Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century



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